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Authors
Wang, Chenghao
Zou, Bin
Zhang, Weilei
Du, Yiran
Hu, Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Reform of Foreign Language Teaching under the Background of High-Quality Development in Universities of Jiangsu Province. (Key project (2024WYJG018).)
Reform of Foreign Language Teaching under the Background of High-Quality Development in Universities of Jiangsu Province. (Key project (2024WYJG018).)
Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University and the University of Liverpool (PhD Studentship No: FOSA2306022)
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Article History
Received: 19 May 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 2 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (Approval No. 0888200720230718110922).
: Electronic informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection. Data collection commenced on 20 July 2023 and was conducted over a period of approximately three months. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty before completing the questionnaire scale items and open-ended questions.
