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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Ethical approval

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Research Ethics Review Committee of Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok (COA NO:110/66, 26th May 2023), Thailand, and from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS), Cambodia (No: 748, 9th Feb 2023). Informed consent for all participants was obtained on 17 and 18 June 2023. All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection. Consent was obtained by research personnel on 17 and 18 June 2023 after participants received both oral and written explanations of the study’s purpose, procedures, and confidentiality protections.

: All the participants received informed consent before being involved in the study. The study purpose and procedures, and the voluntary nature of participation were made clear to the teachers both verbally and in the form of an information sheet. Each participant was asked to sign an informed consent, which was written before the data collection started. The research team carried out the consent process during the data collection period. Informed consent for all participants was obtained on 17 and 18 June 2023.

: The authors declare no competing interests.