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Article History

Received: 30 August 2025

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 25 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the INTI International University Research Ethics Committee. All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations applicable at the time of the study, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted on 21 April 2025. No approval reference number was assigned for this study. Ethical clearance was obtained prior to the commencement of data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary participation were strictly maintained throughout the research process.

: All participants in this study were adults. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant by the researcher on 21 April 2025, prior to the commencement of data collection. Consent was obtained using a standardized Participant Information Sheet and Written Consent Form that had been reviewed and approved by the INTI International University Research Ethics Committee (IIUREC). Before consent was obtained, participants were provided with full and clear information regarding the purpose and objectives of the study, the procedures involved, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty or adverse consequences. Participants were also informed about data usage, storage, and protection procedures. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured, and all data were handled strictly in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines and research ethics standards. No oral consent was used in this study.