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Article History

Received: 13 May 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The analysis is based exclusively on aggregated, publicly available administrative data from the MGNREGA Management Information System (MIS) of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India portal. As the research does not involve human participants, human subjects, or confidential individual-level data, formal ethical approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required. The study complies with all relevant institutional and national guidelines for the use of publicly available data and adheres to standard ethical practices in research.

: This research did not involve individual human participants, identifiable human data, or human biological material. Informed consent was therefore not required.