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Authors
Almulla, Abdullah Ahmed https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6920-8421
Mahama, Inuusah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Annual Funding Track by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (GRANT KFU261453)
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Reference Number: KFU-REC-2025-034). Ethical approval was obtained on 12 January 2025. The study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association 2013), ensuring the protection of participants’ rights, safety, and well-being.
: All participants were provided with a detailed information sheet describing the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between 15 January 2025 and 10 February 2025 prior to data collection. Participant anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the study, with pseudonyms used in reporting.
