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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical standards. The research protocol, including the quasi-experimental design involving instructional intervention, was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Protection Committee of [redacted for review] (Approval No. HR1-0604-2025) on January 3, 2025. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were assured of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and all data were anonymized to protect confidentiality. This research is purely academic in nature, with no commercial or other non-academic interests.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on March 2, 2025, after they were fully informed about the background, purpose, and procedures of this study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants retained the right to decline participation or withdraw at any time by notifying the researchers, without facing any discrimination or retaliation, and without their rights being affected. We strictly maintained confidentiality and anonymity, and the collected data were used solely for this research. Participants reconfirmed their consent at the time of data collection.