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Article History

Received: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of School of Information Technology in Education, XXXX University (Approval ID: #SU250608; Date: June 8, 2023). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Information Technology in Education, South China Normal University (Approval ID: #SU250608; Date: June 8, 2023). The data collection questionnaire maintained participant anonymity. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were free to quit at any point in time. No personal identifiable information was collected. The questionnaire’s introduction provided respondents with a full explanation of the purpose of the research (for academic Publication) and a guarantee of confidentiality. This confirms that research was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines, which were developed based on the Declaration of Helsinki of ethical principles involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent was obtained in written format prior to the survey administration. The consent process was conducted by the research team, and participants were provided with a digital consent form that outlined the purpose of the study, procedures, confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time. The consent from the respondents was requested in the questionnaire itself and obtained in the form of check boxes in written format. The period of data collection happened from January 2024 to February 2024. Information on the purpose of the study and its outcomes, meant for academic purposes, is made clear to the respondents. The survey does not contain questions to solicit information related to respondents’ personal identity, including name, address, phone number, email address and so on. It only covers the information pertaining to the perception and opinion of the respondents towards the study variables and does not have any confidential information for potential risks associated. In addition, respondents were given an opportunity to ask any questions and seek clarifications, ensuring they fully understood the study’s purpose.