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Article History

Received: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study adhere to the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings promulgated by China (Article 32: Research that does not cause harm to humans, and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests can be exempted from ethical review), the School of Public Management, South China Agricultural University, confirmed the exemption. Furthermore, this study was conducted using an anonymous survey format, which did not involve participants’ personal information. Participants were informed of the purpose of this study and the use of the data before the survey and their verbal consent was obtained. The approved scope covered all planned data collection, analysis, and publication activities involving human participants. Therefore, this study was reviewed and granted exemption from ethical approval by the School of Public Management, South China Agricultural University, on January 14, 2026 (no exemption number was issued).

: The respondents provided oral consent before taking part in the study. Verbal consent from participants was obtained by research team members between October 1, 2023, and October 7, 2023. All the participants were informed in advance about the purposes of the research. No personal data was obtained, such as name, address or phone number.