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Authors
Sangat, Sushma Shrestha
Cerda, Johnson
Pastor, Cándido
Tabangay, Jeanne
Toirai, Elijah
Goldstein, Allie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
With the support of the French Ministry of the Economy and Finance and the French Facility for the Global Environment (FFEM) within the framework of the 'Our Future Forests – Vital Reserves' project.
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2024
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Research approval was obtained before commencing the research from Conservation International’s independent Institutional Review Committee (IRC) on January 31, 2022. Research was performed in accordance with Conservation International’s Research Ethics policy. Conservation International’s Human Subjects Research policy is based on our human rights-based approach to conservation, which respects and protects participants in research activities. Conservation International’s policy follows international human rights standards and do no harm principles. This includes the Helsinki Declaration and other international mechanisms. The IRC approved the research based on the successful completion of all required research protocols and training.
: The informed consent process began with the authors reaching out to over 100 Indigenous and traditional community experts. The informed consent was shared with experts who agreed to participate in the interviews conducted by the authors of this study. We shared the online Microsoft survey link to obtain written consent before the interviews. The oral consents were obtained from interviewees who agreed to the interview dates but did not sign the consent form in advance (typically because they forgot or were busy). In such cases, the interviewer read the consent form to the interviewees, asked them if they had any questions, and asked for their verbal consent to continue the interview. The oral consents were recorded via phone or video chat (Microsoft Teams and Zoom) or in the case of in-person interviews, noted by the interviewer. The consent form included research context, purpose, process, benefit, risk, and grievance-related information. This included information regarding the use of the data collected and assurance of anonymity. The informed consents were obtained between March 2022 and November 2022.
