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Article History

Received: 2 February 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: At the time this study was conducted, the authors’ institution did not have a dedicated ethics review body for non-biomedical humanities, social sciences, or educational research. In this institutional context, the study did not undergo formal institutional ethics review. Participants were informed about the recording and research-related use of the teaching materials, and written informed consent for the research use of the previously collected materials was obtained from all participants. Participation was voluntary and did not affect students’ course grades, practicum arrangements, academic evaluation, or related rights and interests. Study materials were handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China regarding personal information protection, privacy, secure handling, and de-identification. All materials used in the analysis were de-identified prior to processing and reporting and were not made publicly available.

: Participants were informed before the practicum audio recordings were collected about the recording and the intended research-related use of the teaching materials during routine practicum activities. For the present study, written informed consent for the research use of the previously collected materials was subsequently obtained from all participants. Participation was voluntary and did not affect students’ course grades, practicum arrangements, academic evaluation, or related rights and interests.