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Authors
Wang, Yuliang
Guo, Qianqi
Wu, Chupeng
Yu, Wenjie
Liu, Dan
Zhang, Zilong
Feng, Lu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42401232)
Education and Teaching Reform Research Project of the College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University (ZH2024007)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (26JRRA179)
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and China’s Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans. The study involved no clinical trials or interventions and posed no risk to participants. Responses were collected anonymously, and no sensitive or commercial information was recorded. In line with institutional policy, formal ethics-committee approval was not required for this type of questionnaire-based research; nevertheless, the study protocol was reviewed and endorsed by Lanzhou University (approval no. LZUKQ-2022-096).
: Before taking part, every respondent received a clear statement of the study’s purpose, the voluntary nature of participation, the guarantee of confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time. All participants gave informed consent for their data to be used in this research.
