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Article History

Received: 20 April 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 13 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this research was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Research Office of Jiangxi Open University (Approval No. JXKD-2022-07-01; Date of approval: July 18, 2022). All research involving human participants was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. The IRB approved the full scope of research activities prior to the commencement of the study.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. Consent was obtained directly by research team members from [redacted] during data collection. Participants were clearly informed in writing about the purpose and methods of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality measures, the exclusive use of data for academic research, and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any negative consequences. Participants explicitly agreed to the anonymized analysis and publication of their data for academic purposes only.