Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 2 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved qualitative interviews with human participants. The research protocol and ethical considerations were reviewed by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Intracom University (Approval No: Exempted). The ethical approval was officially exempted in accordance with Article 3 of Decision No. 141 C/QD-DHCVA dated September 13, 2021, by the Rector of Chu Van An University (the former name of Intracom University) on promulgating regulations on the management of science and technology activities. All research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations for social science research. To ensure anonymity and protect participant privacy, all identifying information has been removed from the interview transcripts and replaced with codes (e.g., I01, I02).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the interviews. Participants were provided with detailed information about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time. They were assured that their responses would be kept confidential and that their identities would be protected through anonymization. By agreeing to participate, participants indicated their voluntary consent to contribute to the study.