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Article History

Received: 5 March 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The declaration certificate of exemption was provided to the authors by the Head of the Department of English, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India, confirming that the study is exempted from formal Ethics Committee review and it adheres with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964, revised 2013). Data related to academic performance, particularly, oral vocabulary assessment scores of the adult human volunteers was compiled. The study is a classroom-based educational intervention comprising on instructional techniques. It does not involve any sensitive personal data collection, clinical or biomedical procedures, vulnerable populations, animal subjects, which cause minimal risk to participants. The data collected was limited to academic vocabulary assessment scores for educational research purposes only. The study was conducted in Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. It has been approved by the Head of the Department of English in the Declaration certificate. The study also falls under the Exemption from Ethics Review category as defined in Table 4.2 of the ICMR National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants (2017) which covers studies involving ‘comparison of instructional techniques, curricula, or classroom management methods involving minimal risk and anonymous data collection without identifiable private information may qualify for exemption from formal Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) review’.

: All participants were informed of the purpose and scope of the study and how the data would be used. They were also assured that their anonymity would be maintained and that no personal or identification information would be disclosed. All participants gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in this research.