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Authors
Abaab, MaleK
Drira, Mohamed
Helali, Kamel
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and Saint Mary's University.
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 24 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve human participants or animals. It is based exclusively on secondary data obtained from publicly available sources, including the World Development Indicators (World Bank) and the OECD database. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.
: This study does not involve human participants. Therefore, informed consent was not required.
