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Article History

Received: 11 March 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Chengdu Normal University Research Ethics Committee (CDNUREC) approved the study on 13 December 2024 (Ref. No.: CDNU2024030).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on 10 January 2025, prior to their involvement in the study. The consent process included a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, data usage, and participants’ rights, including voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent was documented in writing and collected directly from adult participants who were legally capable of providing consent independently. No third parties were involved in the process. All data were collected and processed anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was recorded or disclosed. Participants were given the opportunity to ask questions and seek clarification before providing consent. The study did not involve any vulnerable populations, and no financial or material incentives were offered for participation.