Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: Ethical approval for the study was received from the Health Sciences Research Governance Committee, University of York, on 15 May 2023 (ref: HSRGC/2023/566/A). The research abides by the University of York’s Concordat to Support Research Integrity, in accordance with the Declarations of Helsinki, the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research, and the General Data Protection Regulation (2018) and the Data Protection Bill (2018).

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained online from all participants involved in the study in October and November 2023. The survey was delivered via the online survey platform, Qualtrics. All participants were adults who had previously consented to be part of an online survey panel run by Qualtrics or its survey partners. Panel members were invited to consider taking part in this study through contact via email, SMS, in-app notifications, and via a panel portal. Panel members were told that they could withdraw consent at any time. Potential participants were shown information about the project, including its aims, how their data would be utilised, how their data would be kept anonymous, whether there were any risks to them in participating, and a link to further information (including contact details). Participants were then asked whether they consent or not to take part using a check-box. If they selected that they consented, they were then given the opportunity to complete the survey.