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Authors
Du, Yushan
Zhu, Xiaohan
Ye, Ziyi
Chen, Cong
Guo, Chao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Top Young Talent Project of the National Special Support Program “Social Transformation, Life Course, and High-Quality Population Development”
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (7101303989)
Cyrus Tang Foundation (050459)
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Article History
Received: 26 January 2026
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015). This study used anonymized, publicly available secondary data and did not involve direct interaction with human participants or identifiable personal information; therefore, additional ethical approval was not required.
: This study used secondary data from CHARLS. Informed consent was obtained from all participants during the original data collection process. Additional informed consent was not required for this secondary analysis, as the data were anonymized and publicly available for academic research.
