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Article History

Received: 2 August 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to all relevant national social science research standards and regulations. Ethics approval was received from Wolkite University Department of Sociology (IRB) (approval number SOCI/105/2023 on March 3, 2023). The approval protocol covered all aspects of the research, including data management, confidentiality, informed consent procedures, and special consideration for vulnerable populations (children). The research was conducted strictly within the scope of the approved protocol.

: Written informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians, while developmentally appropriate verbal or written assent was secured from children (aged 7–17) following a two-stage ethical protocol. To protect this vulnerable minority population, all participants were pseudonymized, and the voluntary nature of the study was emphasized to ensure participation had no impact on their legal or immigration status.