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Article History

Received: 25 July 2024

Accepted: 29 April 2026

First Online: 12 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The experimental procedure and all materials and were approved for adherence to research ethics by the Institutional Review Board for Human Research Protection of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Approval No: H2022207I, Approval Date: 20220429, Submission date: 20220415). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans (Order No. 11, 2016) issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China ( ).

: In this study, informed consent was obtained from all participants before they started the survey. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks, and were asked to confirm their commitment to respond sincerely. Only those who agreed to the statement proceeded with the survey. Consent was obtained at the start of the survey, and participation was voluntary. Participants were informed that they could withdraw at any time without consequence. All data was anonymized and used solely for academic research purposes. The study posed no significant risks.