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Article History

Received: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 29 April 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the College of Art and Design, Lanzhou City University (Approval Decision No.: E2023410). The approval date was April 10, 2023. The authors strictly adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Respondents were not required to provide names, identities, addresses, or any other identifying information. The anonymity and confidentiality of all participants were maintained throughout the research process. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all respondents were fully informed about the study’s purpose and procedures before consenting.

: Informed consent was obtained from participants on April 15, 2023, and May 18, 2023, respectively. The informed consent form included details about the study’s title, purpose, procedures, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and inquiry procedures. Respondents were required to indicate their willingness to provide informed consent via a questionnaire format before answering questions. They were also assured of their anonymity and the confidentiality of their responses.