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Authors
Ni, Shanyu
Yu, Mingding
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province (No.252400410378)
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors confirm that all procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (e.g., the Declaration of Helsinki). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Open University (Zhengzhou Vocational University of Information and Technology) (Approval Number: HN-ETH-OU& VUIT-2025-0015; date: May 12th, 2025).
: At the beginning of the online survey, participants were presented with an electronic informed consent form outlining the study purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and confidentiality assurances. Only those who provided electronic consent were able to proceed with the questionnaire. Data collection took place in June 2025.
