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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 30 April 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The present study was reviewed and approved by the İnönü University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee, Türkiye. Ethical approval was granted on 8 February 2024 under Approval No. 1 (Decision No. 1). All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the approving committee, the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, as well as relevant institutional guidelines and national regulations. The ethical approval covered the full scope of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and the handling of research data. No part of the study was initiated before formal ethical approval had been obtained.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection on 12 February 2024. Before participation, all individuals were provided with clear information about the purpose of the study, the nature of their involvement, and the voluntary basis of participation. Participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. Participants were also informed that their responses would be used solely for academic research purposes and reported in an anonymized form. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process. No personally identifiable information was collected or included in the manuscript or supplementary materials. The study involved non-interventional research procedures and no vulnerable populations were included.