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Authors
Ramahaimandimby, Zoniaina
Shiratori, Sakiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Article History
Received: 18 July 2025
Accepted: 1 May 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received ethical approval from the Malagasy Ethical Committee for Science and Technology (Approval No. 014/2020-AM/CMEST/P) on December 24, 2020. All procedures performed in this study adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants’ confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained to protect their privacy throughout the research process.
: Prior to completing the questionnaire, investigators provided participants with clear and comprehensive information regarding the nature, objectives, and potential risks of the study, as outlined in the questionnaire instructions. Informed consent was verbally obtained from all participants before the beginning of each round of the survey at the place where the interview was held (usually their house). Participants were also explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. All personal information and data collected were kept strictly confidential and used solely for academic research purposes.
