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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for the study protocol, including recruitment procedures and data handling practices, was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Henan University of Economic and Law, in China (Approval ID n°: 2023-LW-66987, date of approval: November 13th 2023). The Ethical certificate states that all the procedures are designed in adherence to the Helsinki Declaration.

: Before beginning the survey, potential respondents were shown an introductory section that described the research objectives, participation criteria, and data protection protocols. Only individuals who confirmed that they were currently employed as legal academics in China and provided informed consent were allowed to continue. Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants through an opt-in checkbox (“Agree to participate”). Because participants could enter the survey at any point during the data collection period, the date of informed consent was recorded individually and ranged from May 6 to June 24, 2024. Those who chose not to agree with this statement were given the option to exit the survey without completing any items.