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Article History

Received: 22 April 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of East China Normal University (Approval Number: HR1-0067-2025). And all procedures in this study are guided by the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its subsequent revisions or corresponding ethical standards and have been reviewed and approved by an ethics committee. Before participating in the study, all participants signed informed consent forms (as all participants were adults, parental consent was not required).

: The researcher obtained the participants’ consent to take part in this study. Of the 241 sampled participants, all 241 accepted the invitation, voluntarily participated in the study after being assured by the researcher of anonymity and that their responses would be used solely for academic purposes, and signed an informed consent form. In addition, the participants in this study were university teachers, and all 241 participants were adults; therefore, no additional informed consent from guardians was required. Participants were also informed that their responses would be used solely for academic research purposes, that no personally identifiable information would be collected, and that there were no anticipated physical, psychological, or legal risks associated with participation. Consent covered participation in the study, the use of anonymized data for publication, and the secure storage of data in compliance with institutional policies. The specific contents of the informed consent form can be found in Appendix A.