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Authors
Chang, Ya-Ping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC112-2410-H-034-003)
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: The author declares no competing interests.
: This study was reviewed and approved by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan (Approval No.: NSTC112-2410-H-034-003), in accordance with national research governance requirements for social science research. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in compliance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Ethical Guidelines for Human Subject Research in Taiwan, as well as internationally recognized ethical standards such as the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013). The study adhered to fundamental ethical principles, including voluntary participation, confidentiality, anonymity, and the protection of participants’ rights and well-being throughout the research process. As the research was conducted solely in Taiwan, no additional multi-country ethical approvals were required.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, research procedures, potential benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained in accordance with institutional and national ethical guidelines.
