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Authors
Bhatti, Shumaila J.
M. Wald, Dara
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health
National Science Foundation (2143843)
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 2 July 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Human Research Protection Program at Texas A&M (Approval ID: IRB2023-0827) approved the study protocol on August 27, 2023. The Institution determined that the proposed activity meets the requirements of 45 CFR 46.118.
: Participant consent was obtained electronically through an online survey platform, Qualtrics, between December 12, 2023, and January 9, 2024. Participants aged 18 years or older were first presented with an informed consent form outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, duration, potential risks and benefits, voluntary nature, compensation, and confidentiality protections. They were asked to read the information carefully and were informed that they could contact the principal investigator with any questions before proceeding. After reviewing the form, participants provided their consent by clicking the “→” button to begin the survey, which served as their acknowledgment of informed consent. No personally identifying information was collected at this stage.
