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Authors
Sun, Jian
Lyu, Xuanru
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Science Youth Fund of Ministry of Education of China (23YJC630153)
Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory (JSHD202427)
Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology and Education (ZDXYS202210)
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 15 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interest.
: This study is based on secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The CHARLS project received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The current analysis involves no direct contact with human participants and no identifiable personal information. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional and national ethical standards, and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the CHARLS.
