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Article History

Received: 6 May 2025

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 27 May 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College (Protocol #HHXY20230056, approved on March 15, 2023). All research procedures involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and complied with the national research guidelines for educational research in China. The study design, methodology, and data collection procedures were reviewed and approved prior to participant recruitment and data collection.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Consent was collected during the initial screening session held between March 20 and 25, 2023. All participants were university students aged 19–23 years and were legally competent to provide their own consent without requiring parental or guardian approval. The informed consent process included detailed explanations of the study purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, data confidentiality measures, and participants’ right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Participants were given adequate time to review the consent materials and ask questions before providing their written agreement to participate.