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Article History

Received: 1 February 2025

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Medical University (Approval No. [2022]120). All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki (1989) and its later amendments. Approval covered the full study protocol, including participant recruitment, electronic data collection, storage, and analysis.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Consent was collected electronically through the first page of the online questionnaire, which provided full information about the study objectives, procedures, confidentiality measures, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequence.