Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 September 2024

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of in Taiwan. This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of China Medical University and Hospital (CMUH), Taiwan (Approval Number: CRREC-112-108) on October 23, 2023. This approval covered all data collection procedures involving human participants as specified in the study’s methodology. The study was conducted in strict adherence to institutional and national ethical guidelines.

: All participants had relevant experience in geriatric care services and agreed to participate by completing the questionnaire. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study in Taiwan, between 23 October 2023 and 22 October 2024. Participants were fully informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participation was voluntary, and consent was obtained for the use of data for research and publication purposes. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards for research involving human participants.