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Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from the School of Foreign Studies, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power (Institutional Review Board) (Approval No. SFSNCWU20250520) on May 20, 2025. The approval covered all procedures involving human participants, including survey administration, data collection, and confidentiality protocols. All research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations applicable to studies involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were assured throughout the research process. All participants were university students in North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China, and no guardians were involved, as all participants were adults.