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Authors
Si, Hedie
Huang, Gaojie
Chen, Hao
Liang, Shuyan
Feng, Yike
Qu, Chen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Program for National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171019)
the Research Center for Brain Cognition and Human Development, Guangdong, China (2024B0303390003)
the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities (22JJD190004)
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Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of South China Normal University (approval number: 155) on June 27, 2023. All research procedures involving human participants strictly adhered to the ethical guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, as well as applicable national regulations for human subject research. The approved scope of this study encompassed participant recruitment, experimental design and procedure, and data collection methods. Written informed consent with a Participant Information Sheet was obtained from all participants before their participation.
: All participants provided written informed consent before they participated in the study. Consent procedures were administered by researchers from online platform (Experiments 1 and 2) or university communities (Experiment 3), between July 3, 2023 and June 29, 2024. Participants were recruited online (mainly university students). The consent form clearly outlined the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Participants were assured of data anonymity, with all identifiers removed before analysis, and informed that their data would be used solely for academic research and publication. The consent included: (1) voluntary participation with the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, (2) risks and compensations, (3) permission to use anonymized data in publications, and (4) agreement to follow study protocols.
