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Authors
Sun, Xiaobei
Fan, Shu
He, Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Post-doctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZB20240068)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (1243200003)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2024
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The procedures used in this study were consistent with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was reviewed by the Research Committee at Beijing Normal University and was formally determined to be exempt from ethical approval because it involved a non-interventional, anonymous questionnaire survey, did not include medical research or human experimentation, and posed no foreseeable risks to participants’ rights or physical or mental well-being. The sample consisted solely of adults; no minors were recruited. All data were anonymized during collection and analysis and were used exclusively for academic research purposes.
: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants before they began the online questionnaire. Participants received a clear description of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality protections, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participation was entirely voluntary, and no personally identifiable information was collected.
