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Article History

Received: 8 October 2025

Accepted: 8 May 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. It does not involve medical research or human experimentation, and the questionnaire poses no risk to participants’ mental health. All data were collected anonymously and contain no sensitive personal or commercial information. According to Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Normal University, ethical approval was not required for this study (Date of exemption: January 05, 2021).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals who participated in the study. Consent was collected during the survey process, which were conducted from January 8 to February 9, 2021. Specifically, prior to completing the questionnaire, participants received a written informed consent form explaining the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, the confidentiality and anonymity of responses, and their right to withdraw at any stage. All participants confirmed their understanding and agreed to allow their responses to be used for research purposes.