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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: No large language models or generative AI tools were used for study design, data processing, analysis, or result generation. AI-assisted copy editing tools were used only to improve readability; the authors are solely responsible for the content.

: This study involved non-invasive motion-capture recordings of adult dance performers, with all data de-identified prior to analysis. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Psychology , Northwest Normal University (Lanzhou, China) (Approval No.: 20240061 ; Date: 2024-06-01 ). All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and national regulations.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between April and May 2025 prior to recording. Consent covered participation, the use of de-identified motion-capture data for research publication and data sharing, and—where applicable—the publication of non-identifiable images or videos. Participants were informed that participation was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any time prior to de-identification.