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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 11 June 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study was granted Expedited Approval by James Griffith, the non-exempt Protocol Administrator of the Internal Review Board (IRB) of Claremont Graduate University (06/21/2023/No. 4538).

: Before participating, all students provided assent through an online form. For those under 18, parental consent was obtained via a separate online form, and the researcher contacted parents or guardians by phone or email to explain the study and answer questions. During the research, consent and assent forms were delivered via text and email and included the researcher’s information, the purpose of the study, data use, confidentiality protections, voluntary participation, and the right to skip any uncomfortable questions. Because the study involved minors, special care was taken to ensure informed and age-appropriate consent. Participants were fully informed of the study’s purpose, the minimal risk involved, the use of data, and the guarantee of anonymity. All participants created anonymous IDs and completed an online survey, followed by an in-person interview. Interviews were recorded securely, transcribed, de-identified, and analyzed using grounded theory. Only anonymized data (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, and arts involvement) appear in publications.