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Article History

Received: 26 January 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Normal University (Approval No. 202203280044). The approval covered all study procedures, including participant recruitment, administration of online questionnaires, and the collection and use of self-reported data from parents of school-aged children. Approval was issued on 29th Mar. 2022. All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional regulations governing research involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Consent was collected directly by members of the research team via a professional online survey platform (WJX.cn), before the commencement of any study questionnaires. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, the procedures involved, how their data would be used for research purposes, and the measures taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality. They were also informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participants provided consent by selecting the online statement “I have read and agree to participate in this study,” which constituted an electronic signature. Access to the study questionnaire was only granted after this consent was provided. Individuals who did not provide electronic informed consent were automatically excluded from participation. The consent covered participation in the study and the use of anonymized data for research and publication purposes. All participants were adults and capable of providing informed consent.