Wu, Yidong
Zhang, Yalin
Zhu, Zhilin
Jiang, Weiqian
Zha, Yuanyuan
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72404002)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72404145)
Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education (23YJC790154)
Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education (23YJCZH308)
Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS). In accordance with the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China policies and national legislation, original data collection obtained ethical approval and informed consent from all participants.
: No additional informed consent was required for this secondary analysis of de-identified data.