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Article History

Received: 9 October 2025

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 27 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of School of Education at Shanghai International Studies University (Approval number SISUGJ2025008, date: Feb 10th, 2025).

: This study involved human participation and consent from all the participants were collected. The research was performed in accordance with guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved (Declaration of Helsinki). Informed consent, clearly outlining the study’s objectives, potential benefits and risks, participants’ rights regarding participation and withdrawal, measures for privacy protection, as well as contact information was presented on the first page of the online questionnaire. Specifically, participants were required to fIill in the questionnaire only after they had agreed to take part in the study.