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Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Management Office of Shandong Vocational University of Foreign Affairs (Approval No: 20250923) on September 1, 2024, and the approval is valid for 2 years from the date of approval. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants were university students aged 18 years or older, who provided informed consent prior to participation. The scope of approval includes all stages of the study: questionnaire design, participant recruitment, data collection, data storage, analysis, and reporting.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Before participation, all university students were clearly informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. This information, along with the privacy statement and informed consent form, was presented on the first page of the questionnaire. Participants were required to check the informed consent box online before filling out the questionnaire. The informed consent was obtained between November and late December 2024 via the online platform. To protect the privacy of participants, no personally identifiable information (such as names, student IDs, or contact details) was collected. All data were anonymized and aggregated for analysis. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty or loss of entitled benefits.