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Article History

Received: 8 January 2026

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by an approval body located outside the country where the data were collected, namely the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Commerce (RECFC), Mansoura University, Egypt. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with recognized ethical standards in academic research and aligned with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical guidelines. Approval reference : No formal reference number was issued by the committee. Date of approval : 10 July 2025 .

: Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants at the beginning of the online questionnaire through a mandatory consent page before any data were collected. Ethical approval for the study was granted on 10 July 2025, and data collection commenced immediately thereafter. All participants provided informed consent at the beginning of each survey wave prior to completing the questionnaire. Time 1 data were collected over a 4-week period from 13 July 2025 to 9 August 2025, and Time 2 data were collected over a 5-week period from 18 August 2025 to 21 September 2025. The consent procedure was administered by the research team via Microsoft Forms and obtained from eligible university students using their institutional email accounts. All participants were aged over 16 years at the time of participation; therefore, parental or legal guardian consent was not required. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. No personally identifiable information was collected, and consent covered the use of fully anonymized data for academic research and publication.