Li, Shufeng
Pan, JieQiong
Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures employed in this research involving human subjects adhered to the ethical guidelines established by the institutional research committee as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Business, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, with approval SUPS-ECSB-2023-007 dated June 01, 2023.
: Written informed consent was obtained from each respondent prior to data collection, from June 10 to July 10, 2023, and it was guaranteed that their personal information would remain confidential and not be given to any other individual.
: The study was conducted in full accordance with all relevant ethical guidelines and institutional regulations to ensure the well-being, privacy, and rights of the participants involved.