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Article History

Received: 25 June 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 23 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved as ethically appropriate by the Bartın University Ethics Committee of Social and Human Sciences Research and Publication Ethics Board, with the decision dated 11 December 2024 and numbered 2024-SBB-0953.

: On January 07, 2025, prior to the beginning of any data collection or study procedures, each participant was individually approached by the principal investigator and provided with a clear, written explanation of the research. The purpose of the study, the steps involved in participation, and how the findings would be used were all explained in accessible language. Participants, all of whom were 22 years old and legally able to provide consent independently, were informed that joining the study was entirely optional. They were told they could decline to participate or withdraw at any time without facing any negative consequences. They were also assured that choosing not to participate would not affect them in any way. The written consent form, approved by the university’s ethics committee, included detailed information about the study’s aims, the procedures involved, and how the data would be handled. Participants were specifically told that their responses would remain anonymous and that none of the information they provided would be linked to their identity. They were also informed that the data would be used solely for academic research and may be published in scientific formats, but without any personally identifiable details. The investigator remained available to answer any questions before participants signed the form. No individuals from vulnerable populations took part in the study, and no medical or psychological interventions were involved. The entire consent process was carried out in line with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and in accordance with the procedures approved by the institutional ethics committee.