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Article History

Received: 20 June 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The study was approved by Departmental Research Committee of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 24 March 2023 (Reference Number: HSEARS20230111007). This qualitative study was conducted from April 2023 to August 2024.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The consent forms were distributed by trained research assistants between April 2023 and August 2024. For face-to-face interviews, participants signed the consent forms before each interview session began. For Zoom interviews, consent forms were mailed to participants prior to their scheduled interviews. Additional verbal consent was obtained from all participants before audio recording commenced, as written consent did not explicitly cover audio recording. This verbal consent was documented by research assistant in the interview records. A copy of the verbal consent script is provided as a supplementary file. Participants were fully informed about the study purpose, procedures, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time during the consent process.