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Authors
Xu, Xuelu
Jin, Zeyang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Philosophy and Social Planning Project (2023EJB008)
Shanghai Pujiang Programme (23PJC077)
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study uses secondary data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), conducted by the Center for Social Science Survey at Sun Yat-sen University. The authors did not directly recruit, contact, or intervene with human participants. The data were used in accordance with the CLDS data-use agreement and relevant institutional guidelines for secondary data analysis.
: This study uses secondary data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS). The survey was administered by the original CLDS research team/data provider, and informed consent procedures were handled by the data provider at the time of data collection. The authors did not collect any new human-subject data or directly interact with survey participants.
