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Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 19 May 2026

First Online: 17 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Huaqiao University (No. 202503010001 and 1 March, 2025).

: The researchers informed participants about the study’s objectives and overall nature both verbally and with written statements. Informed consent was collected online via SoJump and Credamo, where participants were provided with detailed information about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits. The letter clearly stated that participation was voluntary and that all responses would remain confidential. Participants were also informed of their right to withdraw at any point. To ensure confidentiality, no personally identifiable information was collected in the survey. Informed consent was documented via a time-stamped entry in the survey log between May 1 and May 30, 2025.