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Authors
Niu, Li
Li, Yan
Galea, Sandro
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32300888)
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Informed assent and consent were obtained from the participating youth and their parents or caregivers, respectively. The ABCD Study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Boards at all 21 participating research sites, coordinated by the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Institutional Review Board. Given that the current study consisted of secondary analysis of deidentified data, IRB approval at the authors’ institutions was not required.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
