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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Ethical approval

: This study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Code of Ethics for Research in Education as established by the American Educational Research Association (2011). Ethical approval was obtained from the Evidence-based Research Center for Educational Assessment (ERCEA) Research Ethical Review Board at Jiangsu University (Approval number: ERCEA 2411). The date of the ethical review application was October 16, 2024 and it was approved on November 1, 2024. The approval is valid till November 1, 2025.

: All human participants were fully informed in writing about the voluntary nature of their involvement, their right to withdraw at any time, and the confidentiality of their responses. For vulnerable participants including children/minors under the age of 18, their parents or legal guardians provided written informed consent for their children’s participation in this study. The signed written informed consent was obtained from expert participants between November 15, 2024 and December 31, 2024 in their offices before they were invited to participate in the study. The signed written informed consent for vulnerable participants (including minors) was provided by their parent or legal guardians between January 10, 2025 and January 14, 2025. The signed written informed consent was obtained from student participants between January 15, 2025 and May 31, 2025 in their classrooms when they were invited to participate in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.